Circadian Rhythms: What Makes Us Tick?

High School

On March 15, 2022, the U.S. Senate passed The Sunshine Protection Act, a bill to end Daylight Saving Time permanently. At this time, the final fate of the bill rests with the House of Representatives and the president.

So, for the time being, most Americans will prepare to set their clocks back an hour in the fall and ahead in the spring to extend sunlight into our waking hours. And the inquiring minds in your science class won’t rest until they discover how daylight saving time affects the human body’s circadian rhythms.

What is circadian rhythm, and why is it important?

Also known as the human body clock, circadian rhythms are the physical, mental, and behavioral changes we have that follow a 24-hour cycle. While researchers don’t fully understand circadian rhythm processes, they know that these biological cycles are influenced by the regular light and dark intervals in each 24-hour day.

One of the most critical and well-known circadian rhythms is the sleep-wake cycle. Many factors prepare your body to fall asleep and wake up. The body’s internal clocks sync with specific environmental cues, like light and darkness, that help determine when we’re ready to rise and shine or welcome the sandman. You can help students use scientific inquiry to explain how factors like artificial light or caffeine can disrupt this process. Studies show that artificial light before bedtime (including devices) can suppress melatonin levels and shorten its duration.¹ And that cup of java has caffeine which blocks adenosine (a nucleoside in the body that promotes sleep). Caffeine binds to the same brain receptors as adenosine, preventing it from acting.²

How does light impact the sleep-wake cycle?

If you follow a natural day and night schedule, the light will enter your eyes and tell the brain that it’s daytime. The brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives these signals and transmits them to the rest of your body through the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest mode) systems. The SCN is the central pacemaker of the circadian timing system and regulates most circadian rhythms in the body.³ This process helps your main body clock stay in tune with day and night. Ask the students in your class to connect this concept to daylight saving time.

What happens when circadian rhythms are disrupted?

Some people have problems with their sleep-wake cycle, meaning their brain does not keep them awake or asleep at the desired times. Insomnia, narcolepsy, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm are examples of sleep-wake disorders that keep sleep researchers up at night. Awaken students' curiosity by connecting your lesson plans to detailed examples like:

Jet Lag

Anyone taking a red-eye flight between New York and California knows it’s a surefire way to get jet lag! Jet lag disorder is a temporary sleep problem that can affect anyone who quickly travels across multiple time zones. So, although you’ve physically relocated to a new time zone, your body's internal clock is still synced as snug as a bug in a rug to your original time zone. The difference in the timing of daylight between time zones is a critical factor. Light influences the regulation of melatonin, a hormone produced in the pineal gland and triggered by the SCN, to help synchronize cells throughout the body. The body treats melatonin as a darkness signal⁴ which promotes sleep. When the light signal is low at night, the brain releases melatonin. And during daylight, very little melatonin is released.

Several methods are used to combat jet lag; your lesson plan can shed light on the science behind those methods.

FUN FACT: The body produces more melatonin in the winter than summer.⁵

Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder

Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (N24SWD) is most common in people who are blind.

If a person with blindness has no light perception, they may experience continual circadian desynchrony (conflict between the circadian system and cyclic environmental cues). Because light information does not reach the hypothalamic circadian clock, they experience cyclical episodes of poor sleep and daytime dysfunction.⁶ People with sight who work night shifts or get jetlagged may also experience symptoms of circadian desynchrony.

You can extend student discussion by discussing why researchers use a daily melatonin dosage to replace synchronizing “time cue” for people with N24SWD.

Don’t lose any sleep about including circadian rhythm concepts in your lesson plan. Your students will light up!

1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Mar; 96(3): E463–E472. 2. American Academy of Sleep Medicine 3. Hastings MH, Maywood ES, Brancaccio M. Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 4. Mayo Clinic: Jet lag disorder 5. Neuroanatomy, Nucleus Suprachiasmatic Melinda A. Ma; Elizabeth H. Morrison. 6. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007 Sep; 9(3): 301–314. Stephen Lockley et. al.

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