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C. Virgin Isolation and Sex Determination
Virgin Nasonia can be identified while they are still pupae. This allows scientists to easily collect,
isolate, and store virgins until needed. Collection and isolation are simple in any of the three pupal
stages because the Nasonia are immobile. There are often several distinct differences between
male and female Nasonia in the pupal stage (figures 3 and 4). Male pupae are smaller in body size
and have short wings (a). Female pupae have a larger body size, long wings that wrap around the
abdomen (b), and a visible ovipositor (c).
Once Nasonia reach adulthood these differences remain except that female wings now extend
beyond their abdomen (figure 5). There are also other differences between males and females
that become apparent, such as body color, leg color, and type of antennae. Females have a
dark-colored body, legs, and antennae. Males have a body with a green sheen, yellowish legs,
and light-colored antennae.
Male
Figure 3: Abdominal View
Male and Female Pupae
Figure 4: Lateral View
Male and Female Pupae
Male
Female Female
