Coronavirus (continued)
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Table 1 - Human coronaviruses that cause mild respiratory illness (common cold)
HCoV 229E HCoV OC43 HCoV HKU1 HCoV NL63
Year isolated 1962 1965 2004 2004
Classification Alphacoronavirus Betacoronavirus Betacoronavirus Alphacoronavirus
Receptor Aminopeptidase N
(APN)
Sialic acid Sialic acid Angiotensin-converting
enzyme 2 (ACE-2)
Incubation period 2–5 days 2–5 days 2–4 days 2–4 days
Mode of transmission Respiratory droplets,
contaminated fomites
Respiratory droplets,
contaminated fomites
Respiratory droplets,
contaminated fomites
Respiratory droplets,
contaminated fomites
Disease symptoms Malaise, headache,
nasal discharge,
sneezing, sore throat,
fever, and cough
(common cold);
pneumonia in
immune-compro-
mised patients
Malaise, headache,
nasal discharge,
sneezing, sore throat,
fever; and cough
(common cold);
occasionally
associated with
pneumonia
Fever, runny nose,
cough, and dyspnea
(shortness of breath);
occasionally
associated with
pneumonia in infants,
elderly, and immune-
compromised patients;
gastrointestinal
symptoms have been
reported
Cough, croup, runny
nose, rapid and shallow
breathing, and hypoxia;
associated with
obstructive laryngitis
in children
Epidemiology Cases occur globally;
peaks in winter
Cases occur globally;
peaks in winter
Cases occur globally;
peaks in winter
Cases occur globally;
peaks in winter
Reservoir (primary host) Bats Rodents Rodents Bats
Intermediate host Alpaca? Cattle? ? ?
